WeightLoss said...
Being in the 18th century Hume had no knowledge of Science or Mathematics as we know it, hence it would be impossible for him to comment on what we call "scientific reasoning" today. His idea of Science isn't the same as our Science in the 21st century, which involves inductive reasoning when we create theories but also deductive reasoning and mathematical induction to generate truth and fact.
What an odd thing to say! Do you imagine that modern science and math suddenly appeared in the past few years? Scientific reasoning began with Francis Bacon who established the scientific method of empirical observation and hypothesis testing in the early 1600s. Kepler, at about
the same time, derived the mathematical equations governing the motion of planets. In the 1660s and 1670s, Leibniz and Newton developed calculus. Newton published
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687, which laid out all the laws of mechanics that are very much in use today.
Hume (1711-1776) was a polymath with a very good understanding of math and science. As a skeptic and an empiricist, he argued (as Aristotle had, btw) that the only knowledge we can be certain of is produced by analysis or deduction. He believed that all knowledge is empirical, and anything that isn't observable is nonsense. Induction, he argued, required a leap of faith that what was observed would
always be observed. He said that the best we could do is arrive at the probability that what was observed would continue to be observed (this idea would be central to quantum mechanics two centuries later). He went further- he argued that we cannot be certain of cause and effect - events that are adjacent in time need not be causally related. This is a logical fallacy we call "post hoc ergo propter hoc." Kant in his
Critique of Pure Reason (1781) responded to Hume that humans have innate unobservable qualities, such as perceiving the world as continuous in time and space, that allow for the knowledge of causation. Karl Popper, in the 20th century, agreed with Hume about
the flaw at the heart of inductive reasoning. He put forth the view that an inductively reasoned theory can never truly be proven, but it can be falsified. His views are widely accepted - in all scientific research today, we seek to disprove the null hypothesis (that there is
no relation) rather than prove that a positive relation exists.