NOTE: I'll include some slightly disturbing details about
diabetes. Read only if you want to know (which I highly recommend, because knowledge is essential even if it's not pleasant).
Let me back up and briefly explain what insulin does in your body. Insulin is a transport hormone. It is responsible for compelling your cells to take the sugar out of your blood and either store or use it. It is not good to have blood glucose levels that are too high because, for example, the sugars will attach themselves to tissues. That's why they check something called your HbA1c. HbA1c is a measure of "glycated" hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the molecule found inside of your red blood cells responsible for transferring oxygen through your blood from the lungs to the various body tissues. Blood glucose can attach itself to hemoglobin, which is not good. It is associated with things like destruction of small blood vessels, destruction of neurons, etc.
The blood vessel damage is what causes diabetics to end up with gangrene, and eventually lose their toes/feet/etc. The blood vessels which deliver oxygen to tissues die due to the high blood glucose levels glycating tissues such as your red blood cells, and when the cells die the tissues turn gangrenous (black). In addition to the feet, which is just the most obvious example due to the fact that signs show up there first since blood pools in peoples feet, this happens all over ones body, including vital organs like your heart (thus diabetics are more likely to have heart attacks), brain (more likely to have strokes), kidneys (more likely to have renal failure), and lungs. This is why diabetes has such system-wide effects.
The destruction of nerves leads to what doctors refer to as "peripheral neuropathy", which just means disease to the nerves in your peripheral regions, such as your feet. That blood with high glucose levels pooling in your extremities, especially your feet, leads to death of nerves in those regions. This is why diabetics tend to have reduced or absent sensations in their extremities, especially the undersides of the feet where you'll often see your physician test.
Now, what insulin does is compel your cells to take up glucose from your blood and put it into the cells, where your body will either use it for energy directly or store it for later usage after it is converted to fat. Type II diabetics have bodies that are perfectly, or initially were, perfectly capable of producing insulin, the problem is on the side of the cell. I.e. you've got the key, insulin, for the transport of glucose from blood to cell. But, the lock is hard to find. Unfortunately, when you start producing more and more insulin, the body naturally compensates by "down-regulating" expression of insulin receptors--in other words, it sees that there is TONS of insulin, so it thinks that there is too much starts making less locks (insulin receptors) in an attempt to keep things "normal" (of course, your body itself is not smart enough to know what is normal and what is not, it just responds how it does on a very primitive level). So, when you start pumping insulin into your body to supplement your own to try to force your cells to take the glucose out of the blood, it may work for a short while, but your body will erroneously compensate by reducing the number of locks (insulin receptors) meaning that in the future it will be even harder for you to transfer sugar from your blood to your cells, leading to even higher blood glucose levels.
Please keep in mind that Type I and Type II diabetics are vastly different in this regard. Type I diabetics have high blood sugar because their bodies do not produce enough, if any at all, insulin. So, their cells might be capable of using insulin, but the NEED an external source in order to get the job done because they aren't making any / enough themselves. In other words, Type I diabetics are missing the key, and Type II diabetics are missing the lock. So, successful treatment for Type I diabetics with something like the insulin pump is NOT an indication of potential success for a Type II diabetic.
Now, the great part for both type I and type II diabetics, but especially type II, is that there are other types of "doors" for glucose to enter the cell which don't require the insulin "key". Exercise is the key instead. Primarily, people think of the insulin key and the insulin dependent lock. However, there is a specific receptor which allows for transfer of glucose from the blood to the cells WITHOUT insulin. It's a receptor in the same family as the others, called GLUT receptors (GLUcose Transport), but it does not require insulin and exercise stimulates it's function! This specific one is called GLUT-4. When you exercise, whether or not insulin is present in the blood, GLUT-4 goes to work and transports sugar (glucose) from your blood to your cells.
As for the diet, it's a bit much to explain in this post. But, I'll try to give you some key things to look for and then suggest you start educating yourself on the many freely available diabetes related websites.
Key concepts:
- Glycemic Load: this is a measure of change in blood glucose a meal/food will cause taking into consideration the mass of food being eaten.
- Glycemic Index: this is a mesure of the change in blood glucose a food of FIXED number of carbohydrate grams will cause.
NOTE: because glycemic load considers the amount you are eating and not just the theoretical response to a fixed amount of food, it's generally considered more important. For example, watermelon has a high glycemic index, but a low glycemic load because there is TONS of water in watermelon, and a lot of what you're eating is actually water rather than the carbohydrates found inside the watermelon which cause the high glycemic index.
- Take away: always consider the glycemic load of a food because you want to know how it will affect your blood glucose levels!
- Frequency: much like watermelon is dilute and thereby results in a small glycemic load, diluting your food intake by eating small meals more frequently will also decrease the overall blood glucose variation in your body. E.g. if you eat 4 potatoes at once your body will have to produce LOTS of insulin to deal with all of that sugar in your blood. If you remember what I said earlier, producing lots of insulin at a given time will cause your body to produce less insulin receptors, giving you fewer locks for your key (insulin) to
open the door and let the sugar in. If you spread those 4 potatoes out over 4 meals, then the amount of insulin you need in your blood to transport the sugars is much lower since there is, very roughly, about
4 fold LESS sugar in your blood.
I highly encourage you to spend some time on the internet researching the types of foods you should be eating as a type II diabetic. And, as soon as your doctor thinks it's okay for you to exercise and you've got your medical coverage, find a way to exercise that is suitable for your physical condition.
I hope this helps ^_^
Post Edited (trn450) : 9/25/2010 10:56:00 PM (GMT-6)