Hi Rosie: 
Sorry that you were dxd(diagnosed) but Welcome.
Yes, Diabetes is overwhelming for the first long while until you get most of it sorted out in your brain and system(or on paper 
). Diabetes and the treatments can act differently for each person since we are all different. As Will says, it is a continual learning process. Researchers, whether they be scientists, Drs. or Diabetics in general, always seem to find new things about us and our condition so sometimes changes occur in the information through the years.
Levemir and Lantus are basal or background Insulins which are long acting to help keep blood sugar in check when not consuming carbs. Originally, the company who created them thought that they worked for a full 24 hours, so just 1 shot a day as advertised.
But as usual, many People with Diabetes(PWD) found that it didn't cover a full 24 hours for them, so they split the one dose into 2 a day injections which they found worked better for them. I do this also. I was taking 22 units a day which I split into 12 in the am and 10 units in the pm, about 12 hours later which worked fairly good for me. I now take 10 units in the am and 7 or 8 units of Levemir in the pm about 12 hours later, give or take. The dosages and timing varies among each patient with Diabetes, of course.
Humalog, Novalog, etc. are Bolus Insulins which last for about 4-5 hours. They are injected about 10 minutes before we eat a meal or snack(to match the grams of carbs that we eat), and to make a correction for the occasional high blood sugar.
Experimenting with doses and foods are necessary to find a close match for each of us, with the help of our Endos(Diabetes Dr.) and Dieticians. That is why more frequent blood glucose testing for Type 2's can also be very useful.
Some days our blood glucose level will be in the preferred range while other days some of our blood glucose tests may be higher or lower than the preferred range since so many things can affect our sugar levels daily like different foods, drinks, optimal or near expiry of Insulin, stress, exercise(too much or lack of), illnesses, excitement, anger, depression, medications, even the weather and so on.
Your meals sound good but as wise Lanie mentioned, the saurkraut balls, beans and milk perhaps should not be eaten in the evening. Some diabetics do have a small snack in the evening if their sugar level is low.
Actually, your Dr. doesn't sound that "old school". You were dxd. in Feb. and he already has you on Insulin. That is a more recent immediate therapy for Type 2's. Some Drs still won't even put their Type 2 patients on Insulin.
Insulin:Carb Ratio(I:C ratio) is simply: how many grams of carbohydrates does 1 unit of fast acting(Novolog) cover in your situation. You and your Dr./Dietician will discover your specific I:C ratio.
As a Type 2, you have insulin Resistance(IR). This is usually due to excess body weight although not always. Some Type 2's are not over-weight. That is why it is more difficult to treat some Type 2's. Usually some weight loss, even 10-15 pounds, helps in using less Insulin and makes the treatment/system work better together. I do not know too much about Type 2 since I am a Type 1, so someone please correct me when I give inaccurate info.
You make for a Good Diabetes Student Rosie. Thank you for your enthusiastic(?) interest. I do hope that you see your Dr. and Dietician soon. Good Luck in your new journey.