I have had migranes since I was twelve, and Lupus for a little over a year. What you described was a migraine. There are great meds out there for those now.... Zomig (the one I take), Imitrex, Maxalt, Relpax.... ask your doctor to give you a sample to try if it happens again. Did you by chance have a "light show" or aura in your vision before the headache hit? I have auras before the pain hits with mine and its a blessing because I know when to go and take my migraine medication. Sometimes I time it that the med kicks in before the pain, and I am saved a lot of misery.
Definitely mention to your doc, because these things are much more manageable than they used to be. Also, check what you ate the day of, or the day before, because there are lots of foods (and smells, and lighting, etc..) that can trigger an attack. If you have had more than one of these, try to keep a diary of the foods and situations the day of the attack... this will help the doctor (and you) a lot.
Blessings!