TECHNICALLY, there is no such thing as a "real" zero. Each and every PSA assay (test) has a known limitation to it's sensitivity, below which readings are not reliable. This reliability threshold varies with the individual assay used, but exists in each.
ACTUAL results, below the reliable sensitivity level of the assay involved, are usually reported as LESS THAN (<) the specific known limitation. In the Standard PSA test, this is usually 0.1 ng/ml, but there is at least one that is 0.2 ng/ml. Hyper-sensitive and Ultra-sensitve PSA assays have sensitivity reliability that can go as low as 0.01 and/or even 0.001 ng/ml (not taking in to account electrical interference=noise) that can sometimes artificially alter such low sensitivity results
This said, the casual term "zero" is often used in the verbal reporting of a result when it is below the stated reliability thresholds, even though, TECHNICALLY, it is not the actual result, which should contain the < icon, BEFORE the numerical designation. The term "Undetectable" is even more often used as a substitute for the actual reading but, obviously the meaning varies with the sensitivity of the result.
There is only one way to get a formal printed "zero" report, and that would be to use an assay material with sensitivity below the amount actually reported. Example: If I would use an assay with sensitivity to 0.001 (to 1/1000th) to OBTAIN my PSA reading, but only REPORTED it to 1/100th it would read 0.00, BUT that would not accurately report the true reading obtained.
As you can see, this gets quite complicated and such broad terms as "undetectable" can mean different things to different individuals. Generally, it refers to "clinically" undetectable, which is WIDELY accepted to be LESS than 0.1 (<0.1 ng/ml), in the routine monitoring of post-surgical patients, although certain exceptions are possible in certain individual advanced cases.
I appreciate this is a lot of explanation for something that is mostly inconsequential to patients who have had successful treatment results, but to those that are interested in the technical determinations and their true meaning and significance, I hope it has been beneficial. A lot of the confusion in addressing the disease is a result of NOT knowing and UNDERSTANDING the subtle differences in communicative terminology. -
[email protected] (aka) az4peaks